Acerca de las Nuevas Variedades de Papa

Introduction

Developing new potato varieties is a complex 10-15-year process involving crossing (hybridizing diverse potato plants to combine traits like high yield, disease resistance or drought tolerance), sowing seedlings in controlled greenhouses or field plots and selection, where only the top 1% of candidates are chosen based on rigorous criteria such as tuber quality, environmental adaptability and market suitability.

Multi year field trials, conducted in diverse regions like Idahos high-altitude fields, Kenyas equatorial zones, Perus Andean slopes or Indias Punjab plains, test performance under stressors like heat, drought, pests or poor soil. For example trials in Canadas Prince Edward Island evaluate cold tolerance for northern climates while those in Bangladesh flood prone areas assess waterlogging resistance.

Final selections are made by committees of breeders, growers, processors and industry experts, ensuring alignment with global demands. Registration with authorities like the USDA, European Seed Certification Agencies, India’s Central Potato Research Institute or Brazil’s EMBRAPA ensures seed purity and performance before commercial release, enabling varieties to reach markets from smallholder farms in Africa in to industrial processing plants in Europe.

What are new potato varieties?

New potato varieties are recently developed cultivars bred for commercial, regional or niche applications, addressing challenges like pest resistance, nutritional enhancement or climate adaptability. These varieties are created through traditional cross breeding, selecting parent plants for complementary traits like yield and flavor or advanced methods like marker assisted selection (MAS) and CRISPR genome editing for precision. In Ukraine recent registrations have boosted yields by 20-30%, enabling farmers to supply local markets and export surplus.

In Rwanda varieties like Cyerecyezo, Gisubizo and Nkunganire have doubled harvests, allowing farmers to plant twice annually and meet urban demand. Kenya’s Malaika and Glen varieties, resistant to late blight, have reduced crop losses by 40% in highland regions, supporting food security for millions. In North America HZA 13-1486 (red-skinned, white-fleshed for fresh markets) and Golden Globe (targeted for 2025 African seed exports) cater to organic farming, industrial chipping and export markets. These varieties drive sustainability, reduce chemical inputs and meet diverse consumer preferences worldwide.

Key Potato Attributes Considered in Breeding

Breeders evaluate traits through 5-7 years of field trials, collecting data on specific gravity, genetic markers, sensory qualities and agronomic performance to meet farmer, processor and consumer needs. Trials simulate real world conditions, from water scarce deserts in the Middle East to disease prone tropics in Southeast Asia, ensuring robust performance across global agro-ecologies.

Major Attributes:

• Yield: High yields drive profitability and food security, with new varieties reaching 40-50 tons per hectare in optimal conditions, compared to 15-20 tons for older cultivars, doubling farm outputs and supporting rural economies.
• Tuber Shape and Size: Uniform shapes (oblong for fries, round for chips) cut processing waste by 15-20%. Varieties like Ivory Crisp and CalWhite optimize efficiency in chip factories, reducing costs by USD 100 per ton.
• Skin and Flesh Color: Consumer preferences drive colors like red, yellow or purple fleshed varieties (e.g., Purple Majesty), which offer antioxidants like anthocyanins, boosting nutritional appeal by 10-15% in health food markets and fetching premium prices.
• Eye Depth: Shallow eyes reduce peeling labor by 20%, saving processors USD 50-100 per ton and improving retail quality.
• Dry Matter and Starch Content: High dry matter (20-25%) ensures crisp chips and firm fries while high starch supports Europe’s potato based biofuel industry, producing 1,000 liters of ethanol per hectare.
• Dormancy and Storability: Extended dormancy (6-8 months at 4°C) cuts storage losses by 10-15%, critical for supply chains in Asia, Africa and Latin America, where cold storage is limited.
• Disease and Pest Resistance: Resistance to late blight, common scab and viruses like PVY reduces losses by 50%, lowering pesticide costs by USD 200 per hectare and supporting organic farming.
• Stress Tolerance: Heat, cold, drought and salinity tolerance ensure yields in extreme conditions. New varieties thrive in Middle Eastern deserts, yielding 30 tons per hectare and Himalayan highlands, supporting high altitude communities (CIP Climate Ressilance).
• Time to Maturity: Early (90-day), medium (120-day) or late (150-day) varieties enable two harvests annually in tropical regions like India or Ethiopia, increasing food supply by 25%.
• Taste and Culinary Quality: Yellow potatoes with carroty flavors or low glycemic index (e.g., Carola) gain 10% market share among health-conscious consumers, enhancing culinary versatility for boiling, baking or frying.
• Physical Quality: Resistance to bruising and defects like hollow heart cuts marketable yield losses by 20-25%, saving farmers USD 200-300 per hectare and ensuring retail quality (www.Potato Breeding and Genetics Technical Committee.com).
• Adaptability: Varieties thrive in organic systems, high-altitude Andes or saline coastal regions, supporting diverse farming practices in over 60 countries.
• Nutritional Profile: Biofortified potatoes with 30-40% more vitamin C or iron combat deficiencies in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where potatoes are a staple for 150 million people.

Innovative Breeding Techniques

Advanced techniques have transformed potato breeding, making it faster, more precise and scalable, revolutionizing agricultural productivity and sustainability across diverse global regions:

• Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS): Genetic markers identify key traits such as disease resistance, high yield or drought tolerance, significantly shortening traditional breeding cycles from 10-15 years to 7-10 years. This method boosts success rates by approximately 25% by targeting specific genes, reducing the number of trial plants needed and saving an estimated USD 200,000 per breeding program through optimized resource use. This efficiency allows breeders to focus on high-value traits benefiting farmers in regions like India and Peru where rapid adaptation to climate change is critical.

  

  Genome assisted breeding workflow from diverse germplasm to trait based selection illustrating MAS, phenotyping and genotypic association steps.

• CRISPR Genome Editing: This cutting edge technique enables precise genetic edits to enhance late blight resistance and reduce glycoalkaloids toxic compounds that can affect human health by up to 50%. These improvements enhance crop safety by minimizing health risks and improve processing quality, making potatoes more suitable for global markets, including the fast-food industry and organic food sectors. For instance, reduced glycoalkaloids improve fry color and taste, meeting stringent EU safety standards (e.g., below 200 mg/kg).

  

  CRISPR-Cas targeted traits in potato: This diagram illustrates how CRISPR editing can enhance tuberization, modify starch and pigment pathways, reduce enzymatic browning, improve cold storability and lower harmful compounds like acrylamide, highlighting the techniques broad impact on potato quality and safety

• Hybrid True Potato Seeds (TPS): Developed by Solynta hybrid True Potato Seeds offer a game changing alternative to traditional tuber propagation. TPS provides disease-free planting material, cutting seed costs by 30% for African smallholders by replacing expensive and bulky tubers with lightweight seeds. This innovation enables 10x faster scaling of seed production, reducing logistical challenges and reliance on tuber storage, which is particularly beneficial in remote areas of East Africa where infrastructure is limited (www.TPS.com).
• Wild Relative Integration: Incorporating genes from wild potato species such as Solanum demissum adds valuable traits like frost, drought or salinity tolerance. This approach enables cultivation in marginal lands, such as Bolivia’s highlands where frost is a threat or Australia's arid zones where water scarcity prevails, expanding potato production into previously unsuitable regions and supporting food security for local communities.
• Genomic Selection: Leveraging machine learning, genomic selection predicts trait outcomes with high accuracy, increasing breeding efficiency by 20%. This technique supports the development of complex traits, such as dual resistance to late blight and early blight or enhanced nutritional content like increased vitamin C, catering to both agricultural resilience and consumer health demands in markets worldwide.

Global gene banks, preserving over 4,000 potato accessions, provide a rich reservoir of genetic diversity. Institutions like the International Potato Center play a pivotal role by distributing 500-600 samples annually to breeders worldwide, facilitating the development of resilient varieties tailored to local challenges and global needs.

Why Breed New Potato Varieties?

Breeding new potato varieties addresses critical agricultural, environmental, and economic challenges, replacing input-heavy, older varieties like Russet Burbank, which demand 20-25% more pesticides and fertilizers, increasing production costs by approximately USD 150 per hectare. Modern breeding techniques, including marker-assisted selection and genetic modification, enable the development of potatoes that are more sustainable, resilient and aligned with global food security and market needs.

Disease and Pest Resistance: New varieties are engineered for resistance to devastating diseases like late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans and viral infections such as potato virus Y. They also combat pests like the Colorado potato beetle, reducing pesticide applications by up to 50%. This translates to annual savings of USD 100-200 per hectare for farmers, lowers chemical runoff into waterways and promotes environmentally sustainable farming practices. For instance, resistant varieties have reduced fungicide use in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, preserving soil health and biodiversity.

Climate Resilience: As global temperatures rise and water scarcity intensifies, drought and heat-tolerant potato varieties are vital. These varieties maintain yields of 25-30 tons per hectare under stress conditions, compared to traditional varieties that may drop by 30-40%. Such resilience supports approximately 12 million smallholder farmers in climate vulnerable regions, including parts of South Asia and Latin America, ensuring stable food production despite erratic rainfall and prolonged heatwaves.

Yield and Quality Improvement: Improved potato varieties enhance food security by increasing yields and reducing post-harvest losses. These varieties can provide an additional 324.5 kcal per adult daily, addressing hunger for an estimated 500 million people in food insecure regions. Additionally, breeding for traits like uniform tuber size and better storage quality reduces post-harvest losses by 15-20%, ensuring more potatoes reach markets and consumers. This is particularly impactful in developing countries where cold storage infrastructure is limited.

Nutritional Enhancement: Biofortified potatoes tackle widespread nutritional deficiencies, particularly in Africa and Asia, where 200 million children suffer from iron deficiency anemia. Varieties enriched with 15-20% more iron and other micronutrients, such as zinc and vitamin C, improve dietary health outcomes. For example, orange-fleshed potatoes, rich in beta-carotene, help combat vitamin A deficiency, benefiting millions in regions with limited dietary diversity.

Processing and Market Demands: Breeding for specialized traits meets growing consumer and industry demands. Varieties like Purple Majesty and AmaRosa, with vibrant colors and higher antioxidant content, cater to niche markets, commanding 10-20% higher prices than standard varieties. This translates to an additional USD 300 per hectare in farmer profits. Furthermore, varieties optimized for processing such as those with higher dry matter content for fries and chips meet the needs of the global food industry, which processes 40% of the world’s potato crop, enhancing economic returns for producers.

Economic and Environmental Sustainability: By reducing reliance on chemical inputs, improving yields and meeting market demands, new potato varieties enhance farmer livelihoods and promote sustainable agriculture. These advancements align with global goals to reduce pesticide use by 50% by 2030 and support zero hunger initiatives, making potato breeding a cornerstone of modern agriculture.

The Role of Potato Genome Mapping and Editing

The 2011 potato genome sequencing, revealing a tetraploid structure with over 39,000 genes, transformed breeding by providing a genetic blueprint. It enables:

• Precise trait identification (e.g., late blight resistance or high starch genes), reducing trial time by 20-25%.
• Faster breeding via MAS, cutting costs by 15% (USD 150,000 per variety) and speeding up releases.
• Predictive modeling to reduce trial and error by 30%, improving efficiency for complex traits.
• Efficient crosses with wild relatives for novel traits like frost or flood tolerance, expanding cultivation to colder or wetter regions like Siberia or Bangladesh.
• CRISPR enhances starch quality for better fries and reduces glycoalkaloids by 50% improving safety for consumers and processors. The International Potato Centers global network shares genomic data across 60+ countries, accelerating variety development for diverse climates.

Economic and Social Impacts

New varieties drive transformative benefits across the value chain, influencing farmers, consumers, local economies, and global markets in significant ways.

• Farmer Incomes: In Rwanda the release of improved potato varieties has led to an increase in farmer incomes by nearly 20–30% which translates to an additional USD 200–300 per hectare annually. For the countries nearly 500,000 potato farmers this extra income is not only improving day to day farm operations but also enabling longer-term investments in areas such as children education, better healthcare and improved housing infrastructure. Over time, this has a compounding effect on rural welfare, helping farmers break cycles of poverty and achieve greater economic stability.
• Food Security: In Kenya the adoption of blight resistant potato varieties has strengthened food availability for more than 1.2 million people living in disease prone areas. These varieties reduce the risk of total crop failure during outbreaks, ensuring a stable and reliable food supply. By minimizing dependency on imports during shortages, they contribute directly to national food security while also helping communities withstand the impact of climate variability and pest pressures. This stability plays a key role in reducing hunger and improving nutrition at the household level.
• Job Creation: The expansion of improved seed systems and processing facilities has created valuable employment opportunities in rural areas. In countries such as India, Peru and Ethiopia, seed production and value addition activities around potatoes have generated between 5,000 and 7,000 jobs in farming communities. These jobs, ranging from field labor to processing and logistics are estimated to contribute nearly USD 5 million annually to local economies. For rural populations, especially women and youth this represents not only a source of income but also a pathway to greater economic participation and empowerment.
• Global Trade: Improved potato varieties are also reshaping international trade flows. For example the U.S. export of varieties like Golden Globe to African countries generates USD 10–12 million annually in seed trade alone. This exchange of planting material strengthens genetic diversity across regions and supports the productivity of more than 1 million smallholder farmers who rely on these seeds. Beyond economic gains such trade fosters international collaboration in agriculture, helping countries build more resilient food systems.
• Consumer Benefits: At the consumer level, improved potato varieties are enhancing diets and meeting the rising demand for health oriented foods. Biofortified potatoes, enriched with essential nutrients are helping to combat micronutrient deficiencies in vulnerable populations. Meanwhile, specialty varieties, such as purple fleshed potatoes rich in antioxidants, have captured a 15–20% share of the health food market in some regions. These varieties provide consumers with both nutritional advantages and greater dietary diversity, aligning with modern preferences for functional and health promoting foods.

Future Directions in Potato Breeding

Potatoes are a vital global crop, feeding billions and supporting livelihoods. With climate change, population growth, and evolving consumer demands, potato breeding is embracing innovative technologies and strategies. Below, we explore key trends shaping the future of potato breeding, including AI, climate resilience, sustainability, seed access, and nutritional enhancements.

• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Breeding: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are transforming potato breeding by accelerating the development of high-performing varieties. These tools analyze genomic, phenotypic and environmental data to predict traits like yield, disease resistance and nutritional content with high precision. AI-driven genomic selection can reduce breeding cycles by 30-35%, shortening development time from over a decade to 7-8 years. ML models enhance trait stacking, enabling varieties with dual resistance to diseases like late blight and potato virus Y, achieving 85-90% accuracy in predictions. For instance, AI has facilitated varieties with 10-15% higher yields and improved resilience. The International Potato Center (CIP) is leveraging AI to tailor varieties for diverse climates, with projections suggesting a 20% efficiency gain by 2030. Challenges include maintaining genetic diversity to avoid over-reliance on limited germplasm, but integrating AI with tools like CRISPR-Cas9 could further refine trait development.
• Climate-Adaptive Varieties: Climate change threatens potato production with rising temperatures, floods and soil salinity. Breeding climate-adaptive varieties is critical to sustain yields, especially on marginal lands. New cultivars tolerate extreme conditions, such as temperatures up to 35°C or salinity levels of 4-6 dS/m, with varieties like CIP’s ‘Unica’ showing 15-20% yield improvements in tropical regions. By 2030, these varieties could boost production by 20-25% across 15 million hectares in regions like sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Techniques like marker-assisted selection and gene editing are key, with genes like DREB1A enhancing drought tolerance. These efforts target food security in vulnerable areas, reducing import dependency and stabilizing local economies. Future breeding will focus on multi-stress tolerance to address compounding climate challenges (Climate smart agriculture).
• Sustainable Practices and Low-Input Varieties: Sustainability is central to modern potato breeding, with low-input varieties reducing environmental impact. These cultivars require 25-30% less water and fertilizer, supporting organic farming in Europe, North America and Australia. Varieties like ‘Sarpo Mira’ resist pests, cutting pesticide use by up to 40%. Nitrogen-efficient potatoes minimize runoff, aligning with the EU’s Green Deal goal of halving chemical inputs by 2030. The organic potato market is growing at a 6.5% CAGR, driven by consumer demand for eco-friendly produce. Breeding for early maturity and storage quality further supports organic systems. However, balancing high yields with low inputs remains a challenge, requiring ongoing innovation in resource efficient genetics.
• Global Seed Systems and Smallholder Access: Access to certified seed potatoes is a bottleneck for smallholder farmers in Africa and Asia. Initiatives like CGIAR Seed Equal aim for 50% adoption of certified seeds by 2035, reaching 20-25 million farmers and increasing yields by 30-40%. Localized breeding such as CIP ‘Shangi’ variety in Kenya, produces fast-maturing (90 days) high-yielding (25-30 tons/ha) potatoes suited to local conditions. Technologies like aeroponics reduce seed production costs by 20-25% improving affordability. These systems enhance food security and incomes, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where potato demand grows at 5% annually. Scaling these efforts will require investment in local seed infrastructure and farmer training.
• Nutritional Innovation: Shifting dietary trends are driving potato breeding toward nutritional enhancements. High-protein potatoes with 10-12% increased protein content, target vegan and health food markets, with trials aiming for commercial release by 2027. Allergen free varieties reduce glycoalkaloids like solanine, meeting strict safety standards in North America and Europe. Biofortified potatoes such as CIP ‘Pachamama’ with 20% more iron, address micronutrient deficiencies in developing regions. These innovations align with the USD 1 trillion health food market projected for 2027, positioning potatoes as a versatile, nutrient rich option for diverse diets, including gluten free and plant based consumers.

Global Impact and Adoption

New varieties transform global production, with Rwanda and Kenya reporting 30-50% yield increases, reducing poverty for 2-3 million farmers and boosting food security. U.S. and Canadian exports like Golden Globe trade 10,000-12,000 tons of seed annually, opening African markets and generating USD 12 million in revenue. As the third most important food crop, potatoes leverage gene banks with 4,000+ accessions to ensure adaptability across 100+ countries. By 2030, resilient varieties could boost global production by 15-20%, feeding 2 billion people and supporting sustainable agriculture in climate challenged regions.

"The emergence of new potato varieties is transforming global potato production, offering solutions to disease, climate, and market challenges while enhancing yield and quality. This ongoing innovation ensures that potatoes remain a vital and adaptable crop for communities and industries across the world.."